The Vietnam War Essay -- Vietnam War Essays

There were numerous occasions that lead up the Vietnam War, it began in 1945 with the threats between the French and Vietminh. â€Å"Geopolitical Strategy, financial aspects, residential US governmental issues, and social self-importance formed the developing American contribution in Vietnam† (Anderson 1). In actuality, the Vietnam War was a few wars, yet it was not until 1962 that America had their first battle crucial, Americans were slaughtered during ambushes by the Vietnamese before the primary battle strategic. There is a lot of debate over the purposes behind the Vietnam War, bolstered by the few distinct books and articles expounded on the war. â€Å"The most well known abomination happened in a small villa called My Lai in March 1968† (Detzer 127). History shows that the response of numerous Americans to the assault by US officers on the town of My Lai during the Vietnam War was restriction, and the activities of the US troopers during the My Lai Massacre will be always recognized as a critical piece of the Vietnam War and American History. During the Vietnam War, the principal company (roughly forty men) was lead by a youthful official named William Calley. Youthful Calley was drafted into the US Army after secondary school, however it didn't take long for him to conform to being in the military, with a snappy progress to the way of life of the military, he needed to make it his vocation. In secondary school, Calley was a sort, amiable and â€Å"regular† secondary school understudy, he was by all accounts an ordinary young person, having enthusiasm for things that different young men his age regularly had. He was never watched acting in a savage or severe manner. In Vietnam, Calley was under direct request of organization officer, Captain Ernest Medina, whom he saw as a good example, he admired Medina. (Detzer 127). Histor... ...nd blameless locals of My Lai, it was when American’s scrutinized their own as being â€Å"bad guys† or â€Å"good guys†. Were America’s convoluted and pitiless acts to be viewed as energetic or despicable? A few Americans, with severe affections for all the American lives lost in the Vietnam War, offered credit to Lieutenant Calley for driving soldiers in taking an interest in such an abominable occasion. History shows that there is still a lot of discussion on certain realities of the slaughter and numerous accounts and feelings, in spite of the fact that we will never know the realities precisely, what we can be sure of is that America will always remember this heartbreaking occasion, it will be discussed in American History for a long time to come, and the Vietminh hearts will consistently load up with trouble when they think about the numerous lives that were lost on that terrible day ever, their psyches will consistently have unspeakable recollect ions of that day.

The Secret Code About Me Samples

The Secret Code About Me SamplesWhat is about me a sample? It is a secret code used by marketers on their website to build credibility, sell a product or make a message stand out from the crowd. This is one of the most effective ways to draw the attention of web visitors, and it's really easy to use.With today's research into Internet marketing, the importance of credibility cannot be stressed enough. This is why more marketers are using samples of content that they've created themselves, in order to make their content stand out from the crowd. The truth is, even if your content is not original, the simple use of a sample can really make a large difference in how your website ranks in the search engines.One of the best ways to use samples is by providing a 'flavor' of your own content for others to see and use as an 'about me' sample. There are various reasons why this would be useful for your website.First, it can help your marketing strategy in the search engines. If someone is loo king for your product or service, it doesn't make sense to go ahead and use promotional material that's based solely on your sales pitch. A sample can provide you with the content that works, and this will help you avoid keyword stuffing and other SEO problems.It also makes a great second or third example for your website, as another effective way to rank. By providing samples for your readers, they will be able to relate to the content and may be inclined to continue reading to find out more. By providing them with such an opportunity, you will be building the trust of your readers, and this will have far reaching benefits.However, if you are promoting something that you yourself don't have expertise in, then it's a great idea to use a sample to your advantage. Let's say you are promoting a new book, and you know nothing about publishing, but you are intending to promote it, you could provide a best seller as your 'about me' sample.By having a reference book available, you will sho w potential customers that you are an expert in the field, and they will know that they can trust you won't bore them with too much detail about your new book. Remember that you can simply do this with a sample website, but by doing so you'll be able to use the secret code that is about me sample.So if you haven't seen it yet, why not look at some of the sites online where you can get some samples of your own work. It's not difficult to do, and this is an excellent way to promote yourself, and your own websites, without needing to pay a lot.

Scholarly paper Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Academic paper - Scholarship Essay Example Regardless of whether a law denying smoking in vehicles containing minors could be passed in the US would at last rely upon the law’s defendability under the Commerce Clause of the US constitution. The Commerce Clause permits congress â€Å"to direct business with remote countries and among the few states† and has for some time been an issue of political and social discussion. The Supreme Court’s current standard for deciding if Congress has surpassed its trade force can be abstract, making it hard to anticipate legality of proposed general wellbeing laws. Notwithstanding, the court has demonstrated astounding readiness in ongoing cases to widen the intensity of congress to control business so as to ensure general wellbeing. Particularly to honest kids bound to auto mobiles and who can't ensure themselves, as such a government law denying smoking in vehicles containing minors could be discovered sacred. Besides, if congress somehow happened to decline to mull over such a law, it could be feasible for states, themselves, to control smoking in vehicles under the torpid business condition. This issue can't be handily forestalled by taking straightforward activities like opening of the vehicle windows. This is on the grounds that this activity can alter the course of the wind stream and thus the smoke gets blown right go into the essence of the youngster. What requires to be done is a law to be passed that restricts smoking in engine vehicles. This can put hardened punishments to the wrongdoers with the likelihood that the guardians can lose care of their youngsters whenever discovered taking part in the demonstration. The degree of presentation to auxiliary smoke by youngsters is about 11% in the United States. This investigation was done among youngsters matured beneath 6 years. It was additionally uncovered that it was the guardians who were the fundamental wellspring of presentation to their kids, introduction by guardians represented 90%. There was another disclosure in the exploration

Climate Change Mitigation Strategies Research Assignment - 2750 Words

Climate Change Mitigation Strategies Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Climate Change Mitigation StrategiesNameInstitution Climate Change Mitigation StrategiesIntroductionClimate change exposes human and other life forms to a series of changes that threaten the survival of living things. Canada is highly urbanized with approximately 80% of its population living in metropolitan areas and cities. Similar to any other urban areas in the world, Canadian metropolitan residents rely on infrastructures such as roads, sewerage systems, power plants, and bridges, which require regular maintenance. On a global scale, environmental sustainability may not be realized unless urban areas become more stable than the case is today. Currently, the contribution of urban areas towards environmental pollution, climate change, and degradation remains high. Many industries that contribute to environmental pollution are located in urban areas, and since such localities contain a large number of residents, the industries contribute to environmental pollution an d climate change. This paper presents a review of climate mitigation strategies that would be effective in reversing the impacts of global climate change witnessed today. Since the strategies are not applicable in all regions, each strategy is reviewed independently by considering its benefits and applicability, challenges, and possibility that the approach will achieve desired results of ensuring environmental and urban sustainability.The Concept of Climate Change Mitigation StrategiesMit...

The Government Of Trinidad And Tobago - 958 Words

The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has decided to construct a new school at the beginning of the year 2016. This is due as the island is ranked sixty-fourth (64th) in the Global Education Index (United Nations Development Programme 2013) and there is a drive to increase the island’s global ranked by the Education Ministry of Trinidad and Tobago. As a result, they have authorized a formal report to determine potential sites that the school can be built on in which official bodies will investigate further. To accomplish this goal, applications of Geographic Information Systems were utilized to assess land suitability in Trinidad with several criteria provided by the Government along with relevant data sources. Several areas throughout the western coast of Trinidad with potential/ideal sites were discovered. Introduction According to the World Bank, the twin island’s population is 1.354 million in 2014 and is increasing by 0.3% per year. As a result of slow population increase there are several issues which would arise such as food security and environmental degradation. The Education sector of a country is important and plays a vital role in the development the general population. Investing in the island’s education system is essential for reducing inequality and poverty. Thus, the government of Trinidad and Tobago would like to expand the sector as education is a fundamental part in the development of its people. The government would like to develop aShow MoreRelatedSeparation of Power Plays an Important Role in the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago1189 Words   |  5 PagesFrench jurist Montesquieu (1689- 1755), the legislative, executive and judiciary as separate branches exists in many countries. In Trinidad and Tobago these branches are defined as the Legislative in the form of Parliament, the Executive as the Government and the Judiciary as the courts. Reflected by chapter 4 part I of The Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Act 4 of 1976, composition of parliament states that the parliament must consist of the President, Senate and House of RepresentativesRead MorePolice Corruption Is Very Common All Over The World934 Words   |  4 PagesColombia, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Mexico and Cuba are prime example where social order is not maintained on a professional level. Social order is what the community and the government expect. In order words, what you do has to be considered normal to society and others. In this paper I will discuss the mission statement, goals, administration, problem and solution to corruption as well as the education and leadership types in Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad is the twin island of Tobago. They currentlyRead MoreMacro Economic Objective on the Health of the Economy of Trinidad and Tobago954 Words   |  4 Pagestitle: a macro economic analysis on the health of the economy of trinidad amp; tobago methodology employed: Data for the economy of Trinidad and Tobago was collected from the CSO (Central Statistical Office) Information was collected for the period (1995- 2005) in the areas of economic growth as represented by changes in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as well as GNP (Gross National Product), unemployment, inflation and the balance of payments. This data was then evaluated and analysedRead MorePolitics Of Trinidad And Tobago1511 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Politics in Trinidad and Tobago The topic of politics in Trinidad and Tobago is one that need major concern at its present standing. Most inhabitants in this country (Trinidad and Tobago) are not familiar with how political debates are supposed to be orchestrated. Politicians are supposed to talk about the issues an ways to overcome them using hard work and determination not just saying â€Å"choose me and I will give you this† and â€Å"choose me and I will give u that†. They are supposed to stateRead MoreDeveloping Policies Of Trinidad And Tobago1674 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping policies of Trinidad and Tobago which embraces access to quality education. I found these document which supports our vision, the STRATEGIC PLAN OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, (MOE), (2002-2006). And MINISTRY OF EDU-CATION, EDUCATION POLICY PAPER (1993 - 2003). In the past Trinidad and Tobago has had equity and equality issues (UNESCO, 2003) these were the developing policy that embraces access to equality education for all. And in these documents the government is focusing on the educationRead MoreCourt Visit Report828 Words   |  4 PagesThe judiciary is an arm of government responsible for administering justice. 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This Oral interview was conducted on Saturday the 27th and 28th of September respectfully, at my church were both interviewees attendedRead MoreWhat Is Meant by Externalities? How Have Oil Companies in Trinidad and Tobago Employed Solutions to Externalities as Part of Their Corporate Social Responsibilities (Csr)?1124 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is meant by externalities? How have oil companies in Trinidad and Tobago employed solutions to externalities as part of their corporate social responsibilities (CSR)? Externalities exist when a third party bears costs or receives benefits arising from an economic transaction in which he or she is not a direct participant. This occurs when producers or consumers provide benefits to third parties or impose costs on third parties for which the market system does not enable them to receiveRead MoreMontesquieu s Doctrine Of The Separation Of Powers Essay2088 Words   |  9 PagesIdentify and discuss the structure and functions of the individual branches of government under the parliamentary system in Trinidad and Tobago that, when combined, is referred to as a fusion of power. c) Explain the structure and functions of the Judicial arm of government under the parliamentary system in Trinidad and Tobago and discuss why it is critical to maintain its independence from the other branches of government. Answers: Montesquieu’s Doctrine of Separation ofRead MoreFamily Life Cycle1558 Words   |  7 Pagesobserved especially within the labor market. In Trinidad and Tobago for instance we have strict labor laws, a child under the age of sixteen is not permitted by the laws of the land to seek employment. the child within this age group falls under Eriksons Adolescence development stage. To continue individuals who fall into Eriksons last stage (Senesce) and are above sixty five years old, are required by the law of the Trinidad and Tobago government to terminate employment. This is known as retirement

The Impact Of Technology On Our Schools - 1376 Words

As we go further into the digital age, the role that technology plays in our lives will be constantly increasing. We can already see the reach that technology has, as it is making its way into our classrooms now more than ever. Is this integration beneficial, constricting or simply nothing at all? There are a lot of different factors such as learning and teaching styles, effects on student learning, and aptitude. It is safe to assume that if technology is involved, it will be a step in the right direction. Many scholars have tried to figure out exactly what the impact technology has on our schools. Many believe, like I do, that technology will be a tool to help increase the abilities of our students and teachers. While researching this topic I came across a study that took a different spin than the others. Most of the research that I found had to do with the analytics of learning. The numbers, and the facts. This study however, focused on something less tangible; self esteem. This pa rticular group of researchers wanted to look at the correlation between technology, higher self esteem, and improved cognitive learning. â€Å"Modern American educators have an increased interest in students perceptions of individual worthiness or self-esteem.Numerous studies have demonstrated that young children s self-esteem or self-concept directly affects their academic performance.† (Page 2002) This is something that has already been proven; high self esteem leads to higher achievement.Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technology On Education802 Words   |  4 Pages The use of technology expanding broadly in different aspects of our lives and technology plays a significant role in modern society. The technology used globally and it impacts our lives daily for instant: government, businesses, schools, workplace, environment, and household. The technological evolution led humanity from the dark ages to enlightenment and agriculture to industrial. According to Merriam-Webste r Dictionary, the definition of technology means â€Å"the practical application of knowledgeRead MoreU.S. Education Today Tomorrow1325 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper reviews four important trends in our educational system today across America and discusses the impact of these trends on our future educational system. We live in an ever evolving world with constant changes that are affecting every aspect of our lives daily. Our educational system has not been immune to these changes and shouldn’t be since these changes and our ability to adapt to these changes will determine our future academic success and our place in a global society. Read MoreThe Importance Of Student Achievement1667 Words   |  7 Pagesin the classroom then leads to disengagement in school (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2017). When students become disinterested in school and continuously show lack of academic growth are considered at risk of dropping out of school by the age of fifteen (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2017). When low performing students drop out of school it tends to weaken our economy. Students who drop out of school are limited in the necessary skills that willRead MoreTechnology And The Educational System977 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"We need technology in every classroom and in every student and teacher’s hand, because it is the pen and paper of our time, and it is the lens through which we experience much of our world† (Warlick). This quote by David Warlick illustrates the necessity of implementing technology into the educational system through the use of a metaphor that compares it to the pen and paper of our time. As technology continues to advance, it’s expanding influence in classrooms results in an increase in studentRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Our Daily Lives1505 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology in Education No one can deny the effects that technology has on our daily lives. We might disagree weather or not technology impacts education in a positive or a negative way, but we should agree that technology is everywhere, in our homes, hospitals, schools, companies and institutes. According to Ken Funk (1999), â€Å"The word technology comes from two Greek words, transliterated techne and logos. Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained. LogosRead MorePositive And Negative Impact Of Technology Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Technology have a positive or negative effective on America’s future education system? Livening in today’s age we see the use of technology everywhere. People are constantly on their phones, looking for the newest update on life. We have heard about the positive and negative impacts of technology in our society. However, how has this affected our schools teaching environment? Studies have shown that technol ogy advancement is the way of the future. Firstly, technology has had a high influenceRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesworld is increasing very rapidly, and new innovations are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry (Oxford). There is no denying that the impact of technology in the world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined theRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world is increasing very rapidly, and new innovations are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. There is no denying that the impact of technology in the world today is huge, now technolo gy has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined the livesRead MoreEssay about Technology Integration in Schools1012 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunity for technology integration into these school settings? What may be some barriers to integration? These questions will be answered after all book reviews have been read and analyzed. The following paragraphs will go into depth over these two questions. The first book review was completed by Theresa Richardson, Department of Educational Studies, at Ball State University. Richardson reviewed the book Revolution of the Margins: The Impact of Competition on Urban School Systems by FrederickRead MoreTechnology Is An Indispensable Part Of Our Life Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesNo doubt technology become an indispensable part of our life; it is part of our present and future. Advanced technology makes human s life more convenient, each new invention and discovery that achieved in the field of technology are supporting the improvement of humankind. It is mandatory that we deal with technology every day, it is with us everywhere in our house, school, and workplace. Technology helps us in communication, gain knowledge, and share our moments. Communication nowadays becomes

Nissan case study free essay sample

Supplier development is considered as a key aspect in the design and development stage of production, its basically a Co-development activity between supplier and customer. â€Å"Co-development processes are an instrument used in several industries to gain a competitive advantage and to reduce development costs† ( Fliess, 2008) Supplier development was defined Krause as â€Å"Any set of activities undertaken by a buying firm to identify measure and improve supplier performance and facilitate the continuous improvement of the overall value of goods and services supplied to the buying company’s business unit† (Krause et al 1998). By analyzing this definition, we can evaluate that customer works with supplier in Within this definition are two distinct types of engagement. The first is externalised, supplier development, where the customer measures performance, and provides incentives for the supplier to improve. The second is internalised. In this case the supplier provides resource and investment to enable them to improve. This increasing dependence on suppliers (Krause et al 1998), and the importance they play in both the maintenance of an existing supply chain and the development of future strategic capabilities suggests a growing requirement on organisations to effectively manage and develop their suppliers. Enhancements can be in product, process, and dimensions of performance such as quality, delivery and cost (Quayle 2000). These development opportunities, through working closely with suppliers for mutual benefit, can be split down into two broad areas. The first being supplier co-ordinationi and the second is supplier development (Hines1994 p6). Supplier development refers to activities carried out by an organisation to help its suppliers improve their own people and processes in order to gain competitive advantage by removing intra-company waste. This may include the provision of actual assistance to suppliers to enable them to improve their processes through 15 joint problem solving and continuous improvement, and hence reduce costs or improve the service metrics. The focus may remain on improving the current performance level, or the collaboration deepens to enhance future supplier performance and enable the supplier to implement strategic changes aligned with their customer strategy and future requirements. References Sciencedirect. com. (2013). Supplier integration—Controlling of co-development processes. available at: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0019850105001252 A chronological review of the literature on co-development processes AuthorsFocusNature of studyFindings and conclusions Clark (1989),Clark Fujimoto, 1989 and Clark Fujimoto, 1991, Comparing different practices in Japan, Europe and AmericaEmpiricalAllowing suppliers greater responsibilities represents an important factor in the superior performance of the Japanese car industry in product development. Cusumano and Takeishi (1991) Comparing different practices in Japan and AmericaEmpiricalMost of the suppliers in US auto industry are after the completion of detailed design. Most suppliers have only limited ways to influence the product concept. Those with more mature partnerships and relationships to the customers are given more flexibility. Brockhoff (1992) Transaction costsEmpirical—surveyAnalysis of the impact of technical characteristics of the product under development and impact of contractual arrangements within which the development takes place. Gerlach (1992) Comparing different practices in Japan and AmericaEmpiricalWhen the supplier is strongly embedded to a customer, as well as to other network suppliers, displaying a high degree of interdependence, opportunistic behavior is constrained while conditions for cooperative behavior are improved. Griffin and Hauser (1992) Interfaces within and between the involved companiesEmpiricalUse of OFD leads to more efficient communication within the team and encourages more manufacturer-to-supplier communication. Birou and Fawcett (1994) Comparing different practices in Europe and AmericaEmpirical—surveyAnalysis of different characteristics of co-development with suppliers in both continents in different industrial areas. US companies use supplier involvement more often and earlier in the process than European companies because of market pressure. Dyer and Ouchi (1993) Comparing different practices in Japan, Europe and AmericaEmpiricalPartnerships and alliances with suppliers as they are used by Japanese companies are an increasingly important strategy for firms to develop and maintain competitive advantages. Kamath and Liker (1994) Comparing different practices in Japan, Europe and AmericaEmpiricalJapanese practices are increasingly used in America. It is suggested that few first-tier suppliers, enjoying trust-based long term partnerships with their customers, often participate in early stages of development process. Other suppliers are given specific requirements by the customer. Brown and Eisenhardt (1995) Organization of the development process—building and motivating teamsConceptualIntegrative model of product development consisting of project team, project leader, senior management, suppliers and customer that effect process performance and product effectiveness and financial success. Wilson, Littler, Leverick, and Bruce (1995) Organization of the development processEmpirical—case studiesIdentification of support factors and important risks for the success of co-development relationships to develop practical advice for the implementation of co-development projects. Kirchmann (1996b) Interfaces within and between the involved companiesEmpirical—interviews and surveyIdentification of reasons for customer organizations for co-development, instruments of information exchange and typologies of interfaces between customer and supplier organization. Baldwin and Clark (1997) Supplier involvement as a strategyConceptualPartnerships and alliances with suppliers are an increasingly important strategy to develop and maintain competitive advantages. A prerequisite for this strategy is the modularity of the products. Dyer (1997) Transaction costs and transaction valueEmpiricalDetailed examination of practices of Japanese firms in effective interfirm collaboration. Hartley, Zirger, and Kamath (1997) Identification of factors causing delays in co-development projects. Empirical—surveyWorking with a supplier that has strong technical capabilities reduces supplier-related delays. The benefits of suppliers responsibility for design, and greater buyer–supplier communication was not confirmed. Significant relationships were found between supplier-related delays, the priority of customers top management on the project and the degree of technical change to overall project delays. Kasouf and Celuch (1997) Role of small suppliersEmpirical—surveyFactors are identified that discriminate between firms with high and low relationship orientation. Firms with a high relationship orientation are smaller and more optimistic about the industrys ability to support a greater number of firms in the future, and perceived faster technology change. Ragatz, Handfield, and Scannell (1997) Success factors for integration of suppliersEmpirical—surveyIdentification of success factors for supplier integration based on used management practices and project environment factors. They distinguish relationship structuring differentiators and asset allocation differentiators for the success of a new product. Wasti and Liker (1997) Analysis of supplier involvement in Japanese car industryEmpirical—surveyThrough hypotheses, developed based on the Japanese partnership model (relational contracting), predictions are made on the level of supplier involvement in design based on product characteristics and supplier capabilities. Wingert (1997) Competitive advantage through supplier integrationEmpiricalCompetitive advantages by supplier integration. Strategic and operative configuration of the Value Adding System in the electronic industry. Bozdogan et al. (1998) Timing of supplier involvementEmpirical—case studyBenefits are possible by proactive integration of suppliers from innovations enabled by the suppliers. Each participating member provides those skills and portions of the product for which they are best suited. This requires integrated product teams, long-term commitment to suppliers, co-location, good information flow and flexibility. Holmen and Kristensen (1998) Division of labor between customer and supplierEmpirical—case studyUsing QFD technique the suppliers of a Danish company was divided into those who contribute through task partitioning and those who take part in an interactive product development process. A supplier may benefit from actively entering into the pre-development process. Karlsson et al. (1998) Role of product specificationsEmpirical—survey and case studiesImplications of definition and changes of specifications to cost in a customer–supplier relationship in the auto industry. Several propositions to improve conflicts are made. Wynstra (1998),Wynstra, van Weele, and Axelson (1998),Wynstra, van Weele, and Weggemann (2001) Role of purchasing in supplier involvementEmpirical—case studiesAn integrated framework of specific activities that constitute purchasing involvement in product development, which can help firms to implement, improve and to audit the involvement of purchasing in product development. Handfield, Ragatz, Petersen, and Monczka (1999) Supplier selection and timing of supplier involvementEmpirical—surveyIdentification of supplier selection criteria and timing of supplier integration depending on the kind of product that has to be developed and on technology risks. Hsuan (1999) Division of labor between customer and supplierEmpirical—case studyFour different levels of modularization are distinguished: component, module, sub-system, system. A higher degree of modularization is possible when more collaborative forms of partnership are shared between the partners. McIvor and McHugh (2000) Organization of the development processEmpirical—case studyTo avoid problems during the development process, cultural changes in both companies must accompany successful collaborative relationships. Success requires a change in mind-set understanding, trust, and commitment to the partnership. Ragatz, Handfield, and Petersen (2002) Supplier integration under conditions of technological uncertaintyConceptualConceptual model of the effects of elements of supplier integration process on cost, quality, and time under conditions of technology uncertainty. Mikkola and Skjoett-Larsen (2003) Timing of supplier involvementEmpirical—case studiesThe degree of early supplier involvement and of supplier-interdependence, the extent of asset specific investments, the way of supplier selection and the responsibility given to suppliers vary. Available resources of customer and supplier can be combined in new ways to improve the success of product development. Petersen et al. (2003) Model of supplier integrationEmpirical—case studies/surveyA new product development project requires detailed formal evaluation and selection of potential suppliers prior to consideration for involvement. Only trusted suppliers should be approached to participate. Sharing of information can improve the process. Project outcome objectives should be shared between the partners. Supplier involvement is important when the technology is complex or the buying company does not have enough internal expertise. Koufteros, Vonderembse, and Jayaram (2004) Concurrent engineering and external integrationEmpirical—surveyConcurrent engineering is regarded as the early involvement of an internal cross-functional team in new product development process. This is an important enabler of external integration with a supplier or a customer. McIvor and Humphreys (2004) Timing of supplier involvementEmpirical—survey and case studyIncreased importance of supplier involvement in early stages of product development for OEM products. The analysis is based on information from the electronics industry. Cultural changes in customer and supplier organization are necessary. Perks (2005) Interfaces within and between the involved companiesEmpirical—case studySpecification and synchronization are often critical in co-development projects. Such projects could lead to creative and valuable input if the sharing of information and control of activities is used. Petersen et al. (2005) Organization of the development processEmpirical—surveySupplier selection should not only consider the capabilities of the supplier, but also the culture of the supplier. Involving the supplier in the determination of appropriate technical metrics and targets for the project are key elements in project team effectiveness.